A sua pesquisa

Graffuturism ist mittlerweile ein bekannter Begriff in der weltweiten Graffiti und Street-Art-Szene. Die Gruppe um den US-amerikanischen Graffitikünstler POESIA wurde im Februar 2010 in San Francisco gegründet und definiert sich über abstrakte Malereien mit der Spraydose, Mural Art oder Installationen wie beispielsweise die von Clemens Behr. "We use the word group as we don’t wish to define Graffuturism as a movement as we are a part of it. I think if it is defined as a movement it should come from outside sources. We leave it to others to label the semantics of what we are doing“ (POESIA) Der Name Graffuturism steht für die Weiterentwicklung von Aerosol und Graffiti Art, weg von Stylewriting und klassischen Graffiti der 70er und 80er Jahre der USA. Diese Gruppe von Graffitikünstlern geht einen eigenen Weg und hat noch viel vor. Bisher wurde das GRAFFUTURISM Projekt nur selten kompakt und in allen Facetten vorgestellt. Bisher im Rahmen von einigen wenigen Gruppenausstellungen. Im April 2013 hat die OPEN SPACE Galerie Paris 21 Künstler aus der Gruppe eingeladen um neue Arbeiten vorzustellen. "Its a surreal feeling sometimes when so many great artists you follow from afar are all together in one room appreciating each others work in real time. This is the real power of the group and what has been built. Graffuturism is an international phenomenon, one that has no home base or country. Because of this, these exhibitions are important. They allow us to meet each other shake hands, have a beer, and paint together. Each time we meet someone new, artists get to collaborate at times on walls. Things organically take shape. Paris was no exception, a trip filled with more unforgettable memories and another step on the road to our future." Wir haben die Gruppe in Paris besucht, mit Gilbert, Pener und dem Gründer Poesia kurz sprechen können. Samantha von der OPEN SPACE Galerie Paris stellt GRAFFUTURISM in unserer neuen 5 MINUTES Episode einleitend vor. Eine interessante Sicht auf die Dinge und mal wieder viel zu wenig Zeit um dieses schöne Projekt umfassend vorzustellen. Daher empfehlen wir einen Besuch der Website graffuturism.com. Dort finden sich Informationen und Bildmaterial zu allen Künstlern der Gruppe soowie aktuelle Informationen zu laufenden Projekten und Ausstellungen! Le Graffuturism est un mouvement protéiforme qui marque la transition vers un nouveau type d’art. Tout en faisant partie intégrante du graffiti, le Graffuturism évolue vers des œuvres plus abstraites et plus contemporaines : c’est la révolution du graffiti. Le Graffuturism est devenu une notion connue dans le milieu du graffiti et de la scène Street Art internationale. Le terme a été inventé par l'artiste Poesia, en février 2010 à San Francisco afin de définir le travail d'un groupement d'artistes s'étant émancipé du graffiti traditionnel- lettrage, personnage. Le Graffuturism se caractérise par des formes abstraites, géométriques ou figuratives faites à l’aérosol, en peintures murales, ou dans des installations comme celles de Clemens Behr. Pour la première fois, les différentes facettes du mouvement sont présentées dans une exposition collective, à travers la mise en lumière de 20 artistes français et internationaux, à la galerie Openspace à Paris.

The long and labyrinthine process that Latin America has undergone in its way towards democracy has been marked by the same confrontations and quarrels present throughout the Western intellectual history, which have sometimes been expressed as a fight between "ideas and emotions." In Latin America, this intellectual quarrel may be described in Julio Cortazar’s terms, as a struggle between "Baroque cronopios" versus "Gothic fames," or as a war between two cultures: "that of blood and that of ink," echoing the erosion of the great theories and traditional ideologies. Thus, in the wake of the political and cultural developments resulting from globalization, the Latin American democratic transitions, and the fall of the socialist bloc, we know that we are witnessing the end of an era, but we cannot yet define the new age. This article ponders, thus, what the revival of romantic views and emotions may mean at the beginning of the 21st century. Mexico, in particular, faces a major political and cultural challenge, resulting from the fact that the Mexican society is still immersed in the culture of the Revolution’s nationalism. The perennial struggle between ideas and emotions has become manifest again in the form of a dilemma between attaching to an identity in crisis and trying to reconstruct it, or rather looking ahead with the aim of creating a new democratic civic culture. [P1] Tras los desarrollos políticos y culturales derivados de la globalización, las transiciones democráticas en América Latina y la desaparición del bloque socialista, sabemos que estamos ante el fin de una época, pero aún no podemos definir los nuevos tiempos. A partir de ello, este artículo reflexiona sobre lo que puede significar el retorno de algunas visiones y emociones románticas a comienzos del siglo XXI. En particular, México tiene frente a sí un gran reto político y cultural, que parte del hecho de que su sociedad sigue inmersa en la cultura del nacionalismo revolucionario. Se presenta, así, como nueva expresión de esa perenne lucha entre ideas y emociones, la disyuntiva de dirigir los sentimientos a una identidad en crisis e intentar reconstruirla, o bien mirar hacia adelante para darle vida a una nueva cultura cívica democrática.

Emisión del programa Metrópolis titulado South Graff. Pintando la voz del barrio. El programa Metrópolis invita al experto e investigador en graffiti y arte urbano Fernando Figueroa a que seleccione una serie de proyectos en los que artistas procedentes del graffiti han dado voz a sus barrios, dignificando estos espacios desde la creatividad colectiva y desde la convivencia.

There is a need to create a documentation system adapted to facilitate the conservation and restoration of Street Art and Graffiti. Even though they are ephemeral manifestations of art, there have been some signs of the need for preservation mechanisms that would respect their own special features. For selected works we must establish a procedure that enables their preservation with the highest guarantee.

There is an abundance of books, magazines, films and internet-forums dedicated to graffiti. How this documentation has influenced and been a part of the graffiti subculture has not been studied much. Drawing on personal experiences, as a documentarian and publisher of graffiti media over 27 years, Malcolm Jacobson recollects how the positions of participant and observer incessantly have twisted around each other. This has been mediated through development in media technology as well as by the coming of age of graffiti and its practitioners.

When discussing the paradox of displacing the street art aesthetic, i.e. commissioning street artists to create work for art galleries, museums, or public murals, one inevitably has to address issues of co-opting, appropriation, and the institutionalization of a movement that began as a countercultural form of expression. Two commissioned pieces by OSGEMEOS are used as a case study. This paper parses through the discourse surrounding their production and removal. The goal therein is to break down these narratives and gain insight into the mechanisms at work and the inherent contradictions in the process of institutionalizing street art.

Graffuturism ist mittlerweile ein bekannter Begriff in der weltweiten Graffiti und Street-Art-Szene. Die Gruppe um den US-amerikanischen Graffitikünstler POESIA wurde im Februar 2010 in San Francisco gegründet und definiert sich über abstrakte Malereien mit der Spraydose, Mural Art oder Installationen wie beispielsweise die von Clemens Behr. "We use the word group as we don’t wish to define Graffuturism as a movement as we are a part of it. I think if it is defined as a movement it should come from outside sources. We leave it to others to label the semantics of what we are doing“ (POESIA) Der Name Graffuturism steht für die Weiterentwicklung von Aerosol und Graffiti Art, weg von Stylewriting und klassischen Graffiti der 70er und 80er Jahre der USA. Diese Gruppe von Graffitikünstlern geht einen eigenen Weg und hat noch viel vor. Bisher wurde das GRAFFUTURISM Projekt nur selten kompakt und in allen Facetten vorgestellt. Bisher im Rahmen von einigen wenigen Gruppenausstellungen. Im April 2013 hat die OPEN SPACE Galerie Paris 21 Künstler aus der Gruppe eingeladen um neue Arbeiten vorzustellen. "Its a surreal feeling sometimes when so many great artists you follow from afar are all together in one room appreciating each others work in real time. This is the real power of the group and what has been built. Graffuturism is an international phenomenon, one that has no home base or country. Because of this, these exhibitions are important. They allow us to meet each other shake hands, have a beer, and paint together. Each time we meet someone new, artists get to collaborate at times on walls. Things organically take shape. Paris was no exception, a trip filled with more unforgettable memories and another step on the road to our future." Wir haben die Gruppe in Paris besucht, mit Gilbert, Pener und dem Gründer Poesia kurz sprechen können. Samantha von der OPEN SPACE Galerie Paris stellt GRAFFUTURISM in unserer neuen 5 MINUTES Episode einleitend vor. Eine interessante Sicht auf die Dinge und mal wieder viel zu wenig Zeit um dieses schöne Projekt umfassend vorzustellen. Daher empfehlen wir einen Besuch der Website graffuturism.com. Dort finden sich Informationen und Bildmaterial zu allen Künstlern der Gruppe soowie aktuelle Informationen zu laufenden Projekten und Ausstellungen! Le Graffuturism est un mouvement protéiforme qui marque la transition vers un nouveau type d’art. Tout en faisant partie intégrante du graffiti, le Graffuturism évolue vers des œuvres plus abstraites et plus contemporaines : c’est la révolution du graffiti. Le Graffuturism est devenu une notion connue dans le milieu du graffiti et de la scène Street Art internationale. Le terme a été inventé par l'artiste Poesia, en février 2010 à San Francisco afin de définir le travail d'un groupement d'artistes s'étant émancipé du graffiti traditionnel- lettrage, personnage. Le Graffuturism se caractérise par des formes abstraites, géométriques ou figuratives faites à l’aérosol, en peintures murales, ou dans des installations comme celles de Clemens Behr. Pour la première fois, les différentes facettes du mouvement sont présentées dans une exposition collective, à travers la mise en lumière de 20 artistes français et internationaux, à la galerie Openspace à Paris.

El poeta Jorge Zalamea, el gran traductor del Premio Nobel Saint-John Perse y uno de los últimos poetas de talante épico en Colombia, nos recordaba en su libro La poesía ignorada y olvidada (Premio Casa de las Américas, Cuba, 1965) que “en poesía no hay pueblos subdesarrollados”. Esta tesis cobra vigencia cada vez más en un mundo globalizado e interconectado donde las brechas entre los más ricos y los más pobres son cada vez más grandes. Por eso una certeza se nos confirma como verdad de a puño día tras día en este siglo XXI: nuestros países siguen sumergidos en unas inequidades sociales, económicas y políticas mientras el planeta se calienta y la banca y los mercados dominan la historia y el destino de la humanidad

La performance poética que Batato Barea realizó en la presentación de la galería del Rojas, en 1989, para inaugurar la muestra de Liliana Maresca Lo que el viento se llevó colocó en primer plano aquello que Mladen Dolar (2007) denominó como “política de la voz”. El uso paródico que hizo el clown-travesti-literario respecto de la historia de la declamación de poesía estableció diferentes modos de fuga de aquella corporalidad rígida, proveniente de los procesos de homogeneización de la lengua de comienzos del siglo XX y reiterada como emblema del disciplinamiento de los cuerpos durante el período dictatorial. El poema recitado, -“Sombra de conchas” de Alejandro Urdapilleta- y la performance de Batato Barea hacían entrar, a través del repertorio gestual histórico de la declamación de poesía, nuevos posicionamientos sobre la subjetividad, teniendo como horizonte la puesta en primer plano de la teatralidad en distintas artes durante la posdictadura argentina. Paralelamente, junto a la escucha de esta voz paródica, puede rastrearse, en las performances del clown y del grupo Las coperas, un registro ambivalente, que absorbía los tonos imaginarios que la literatura ya había volcado sobre sí para ese entonces.

Alanís Pulido, creador de Acción poética, lleva casi dos décadas pintando versos en las ciudades, democratizando la poesía y haciéndola llegar a un público mayor. Su movimiento cada vez cuenta con más adeptos y con más partidarios en diferentes lugares del mundo pero ha logrado mayor impacto gracias a las redes sociales. Aunque se trate de un movimiento centrado en la literatura, le atrae la idea de que algún día sus pintadas se conviertan en un atractivo turístico.

This study presents an analysis of the appropriation of public space by cultural producers in Cuba, with a focus on art collectives, in particular, OMNI Zona Franca from Alamar, east of Havana. Based on primary research conducted with the artists, cultural producers, and scholars, I discuss OMNI’s work in the context of the history and formation of a nascent movement for civil society in Cuba, locating the collective’s work within the matrix of alternative and African diasporic cultural production. The latter is framed as part of a historical continuum and in the context of the discussion of race that emerged in Cuba’s public sphere during the 1990s with a concurrent movement among black Cuban artists to address issues of race. Situating OMNI’s work in a longer history of Afro-Cuban cultural production in Cuba as well as within the history of art collectives this study demonstrates how OMNI’s participation in the public sphere relates to social practice, appropriation of space, alternativity, and the forging of a wide coalition of civil and artistic alternatives among diverse communities. I draw on discourses on the production of space, particularly those of Henri Lefebvre and Raymond Williams, and argue that the unique and specific history of Alamar provided a fertile ground for alternative culture where multiple and countercultural expressions could be incubated and take root. The struggle over public space and the attempts by artists to create an autonomous public sphere in Cuba have led to continual conflict with the state. Using Gramsci’s theorization of civil society as incorporating both the hegemonic and contestatory realms, I contend that the level of contestation in OMNI Zona Franca’s work should be seen as counter-hegemonic expression aimed at altering the status quo. Producing new social relations, the collective’s practice is offered as an example of how art and cultural production is inaugurating alternative counter-spaces in the context of a demand for a more inclusive and representative Revolutionary public sphere.

"Tyler Hoffman brings a fresh perspective to the subject of performance poetry, and this comes at an excellent time, when there is such a vast interest across the country and around the world in the performance of poetry. He makes important connections, explaining things in a manner that remains provocative, interesting, and accessible." ---Jay Parini, Middlebury College American Poetry in Performance: From Walt Whitman to Hip Hop is the first book to trace a comprehensive history of performance poetry in America, covering 150 years of literary history from Walt Whitman through the rap-meets-poetry scene. It reveals how the performance of poetry is bound up with the performance of identity and nationality in the modern period and carries its own shifting cultural politics. This book stands at the crossroads of the humanities and the social sciences; it is a book of literary and cultural criticism that deals squarely with issues of "performance," a concept that has attained great importance in the disciplines of anthropology and sociology and has generated its own distinct field of performance studies. American Poetry in Performance will be a meaningful contribution both to the field of American poetry studies and to the fields of cultural and performance studies, as it focuses on poetry that refuses the status of fixed aesthetic object and, in its variability, performs versions of race, class, gender, and sexuality both on and off the page. Relating the performance of poetry to shifting political and cultural ideologies in the United States, Hoffman argues that the vocal aspect of public poetry possesses (or has been imagined to possess) the ability to help construct both national and subaltern communities. American Poetry in Performance explores public poets' confrontations with emergent sound recording and communications technologies as those confrontations shape their mythologies of the spoken word and their corresponding notions about America and Americanness.

Una biblioteca con libros de historia, ilustraciones, colecciones de VHS, cartucheras de DVDs, compilaciones periodísticas, testimonios, revistas literarias, fotografías, grabaciones sonoras, filmes. Un exhibidor de objetos, disfraces, instrumentos musicales, muñecos. Solicitadas en diarios, invitaciones a eventos, reconstrucciones de espacios, mapas de ciudades, circuitos virtuales en 3D. La imaginación es capciosa, ya que aun cuando efectivamente la reproductibilidad técnica hubiera podido hacer una copia y un registro absoluto, la performance tampoco estaría allí. Su ausencia se distingue de la ruina; el acontecimiento no regresa, no simplemente porque haya pasado el tiempo, sino porque no estaba hech para perdurar.

El cambio de siglo trajo consigo nuevas posibilidades de acercamiento a la escritura. Desde el traslado de la frontera entre plagio y creación, y la reapropiación y reescritura de textos ya existentes, hasta el amplio abanico de posibilidades desatado por el estallido de las tecnologías comunicativas, la escritura ha dejado de ser el espacio de introspección autoral privilegiado por el romanticismo para convertirse en una experiencia de la comunalidad contemporanea. Los ensayos que componen este volumen se sumergen en el panorama actual de las letras para trazar una geografía siempre móvil y cambiante de sus posibilidades estéticas, éticas y políticas; pues, a fin de cuentas, la escritura no es un monumento arcaico sino la suma de todas sus manifestaciones, viejas y nuevas, y de cada acercamiento, cada lectura y cada interpretación. Índice Gratulabundus. Introducción Necropolítica y escritura. Una conversación. El estado de las cosas y el estado de los lenguajes: una crítica. Cadáveres textuales. El trabajo inmaterial y la resistencia de las vidas asombradas. #escriturascontraelpoder Fichas anamnésicas. I. La desmuerte del autor: David Markson (1927. 2010). II. De las estéticas citacionistas a las prácticas de la desapropiación: escrituras atravesadas en el español de hoy. III. Los usos del archivo: de la novela histórica a la ficción documental. IV. Mi paso por transcrito: planetarios, esporádicos, exofónicos. V. Breves mensajes desde Pompeya: la producción del presente en 140 caracteres. VI. ¿Sueñan las máquinas con el lenguaje del nosotros?: una curaduría. VII. Prácticas de comunalidad contra la violencia VIII. Desapropiadamente: escribir entre/para los muertos. Notas Acerca de la autora Créditos.

INTRODUÇÃO / 01 1° Capítulo: Percursos Urbanos na Arte de Rua / 06 1.1 O Berço da Arte de Rua / 07 1.2 Filhos dos Guetos / 12 1.3 Passos para a Fama / 16 1.4 Guerra de Estilos / 18 1.5 A Expansão nas Mídias / 24 1.6 O Mercado do Graffiti / 27 2° Capítulo: 2 Ato Transgressor: O Artista na Rua / 32 2.1 O Risco Vale a Pena / 33 2.2 “Declare o Seu Amor à Cidade, São Paulo 450 anos” / 34 2.3 Caminhos na Contramão / 38 2.4 XARPI, Profissão Perigo / 42 2.5 A Pixação pela Porta da Frente / 50 2.6 Escrita Urbana / 57 3° Capítulo: 3 Circuitos Locais / 60 3.1 Graffiti Made in Brasil / 61 3.1.1 Artistas do Graffiti / 64 3.2. O Graffiti com Sotaque Carioca / 70 3.2.1. Graffiti de Periferia / 75 3.3. Antídoto Contra a Pixação / 77 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS / 84 APÊNDICES / 90 Circuitos Locais - Galeria de Fotos / 91 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS / 102 *** Resumo Este estudo tem como objetivo contribuir para a compreensão da origem das intervençõesurbanas através do grafite contemporâneo, sua expansão no Brasil e de que forma aporta aocircuito das instituições oficiais da arte. Orientamos o escopo de nossa pesquisa no sentido deacompanhar a expansão do fenômeno do grafite como arte de rua no Brasil desde anos 1970 até o presente momento; o processo de crescimento dos dois vieses do grafite (pichação egrafite) nas cidades de São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro; de que forma o grafite se consagra comoum novo gênero artístico junto ao circuito institucional; e como o ensino do grafite vem sendovinculado a projetos sociais. Partindo desse recorte recorremos à análise da origem desse movimento nos Estados Unidos; a expansão da pichação nas grandes cidades brasileiras apartir de um contexto urbano, e o grafite como uma expressão juvenil que se impõe nessecenário; assim como aspectos e características da pichação em São Paulo e os processos demidiatização e hibridação cultural. Partindo de uma pesquisa documental, bibliográfica e decampo, buscou-se verificar as diferenças e contrastes entre a pichação e o grafite; quais osmétodos de intervenção, técnicas, materiais e estilos; a análise histórica dos artistas pioneiros no grafite na década de 1970 em São Paulo; assim como, o início do grafite no Rio de Janeironos anos 1980. Por fim, procurou-se entender o propósito de iniciativas que visam a oferta decursos e oficinas de grafite em projetos destinados aos jovens de comunidades de baixa rendano Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Abstract This study aims at contributing to an understanding of the origin of the urbaninterventions through the contemporary graffiti, its development in Brazil, and how itcontributes to the circuit of the official institutions of Art. We have decided to carry out ourresearch in order to monitor the expansion of the graffiti phenomenon as a street art in Brazilfrom the 1970s up to the present time, the process of the growth of the two types of graffiti(writings and picture graffiti) in São Paulo and in Rio de Janeiro; how graffiti has establisheditself as a new artistic genre within the institutional circuit; and how the teaching of graffitihas been connected to social projects. Considering the information collected, we have done ananalysis of the origin of this movement in the United States; the expansion of the graffiti inbig Brazilian cities from an urban context, and the graffiti as a youth expression which hasimposed itself in this scenario; as well as aspects of the writings ( pichação)in São Paulo, andthe processes of mediatization and cultural hybridization. From a documental, bibliographicaland field research, we have attempted to point out the differences and contrasts betweenwritings and picture graffiti; which were the intervention methods, the techniques, thematerials, the styles; the historical analysis of the pioneer artists in the 1970s in São Paulo; aswell as the beginning of graffiti in Rio de Janeiro in the 1980s. Finally, we have tried tounderstand the purpose of the initiatives which aim at offering courses and workshops aboutgraffiti in projects for young people from low-income communities in the state of Rio deJaneiro.

Introduction The experiences of democratization in Latin America and Eastern Europe in the 1980s and early 1990s brought attention to the forces of civil society as key actors in the demise of authoritarian rule (O’Donnell and Schmitter 1986; Cohen and Arato 1992; Bernhard 1993; Linz and Stepan 1996). More recent literature questions the inherently pro-democratic character of civil society activism (Warren 2000; Armony 2004; Jamal 2007). In both lines of argument, societal associations or social movements are at the core of the inquiry. However, Hirschman’s category of “voice,” which encompasses as much articulation of discontent as it does actions of protest (Hirschman 1970), reminds us that for civil society activism to evolve, something fundamental is necessary: an arena in which voices can be raised and heard and in which government and society interact. The question of civil society, thus, is intrinsically linked to the conditions, contours, limitations and possibilities of communication, media and the public sphere. Ever since the term “Facebook revolution” (Smith 2011) was coined for the social mobilizations that led to the downfall of the Mubarak regime in Egypt, this link between communication, civil society activism and democratization has received great media attention. However, most of this attention focused on the mobilizing potential of the digital media at the moment of rupture. This chapter takes a contemporary perspective as it seeks to contribute to our understanding of the Internet’s impact on civil society dynamics in a non-pluralist context through a diachronic comparison. Based on an empirical study of the Cuban case, the argument is as follows. Prior to the entry of the Internet, the civil society debate centered around the quest for higher degrees of autonomy for associations and institutions within the framework of the state-socialist regime. In contrast, the new media enabled the emergence of a new, less state-dependent type of public sphere; as a consequence, the civil society debate has become increasingly centered on the assertion of individual citizenship rights within andvis-à-vis the state. The reformist civil society quest of the pre-Internet period failed in part because of its character as behind-the-scenes-struggle, shielded from public view, which impeded a broader mobilization of protest when the state decided to rein in the incipient push for civil society. In contrast, the current drive for civil society indeed finds strong public repercussion; for its democratizing potential to come to fruition, the crucial fault-line is to connect web-based voice to public debate and social action in the country’s physical off-line environment. By taking Cuba as object of empirical analysis, this study selects a case with a particularly thorough form of authoritarian hold over the public sphere: a formal monopoly of the Cuban state on mass media, established in the historic experience of twentieth-century state-socialism and upheld even two decades after the fall of the Berlin Wall. At the same time, Cuba is strongly exposed to transnational influences and a transnational articulation of voice, due to a large number of emigrant and diaspora communities that remain highly attached to their country of origin (Fernández 2005). The approach chosen to analyze the impact of the Internet on state-society relations is through a diachronic comparison of the Cuban development in two distinct periods: the pre-Internet period, i.e., Cuba in the early to mid 1990s, when the Cold War alignment had already become history but web-based technologies did not yet have a major presence on the island; and more than a decade later, since the mid to late 2000s, when web-based media had made their entry on the island. Formal data on Internet access and use are scarce and unreliable. For 2009, the Cuban Ministry of Informatics and Communications gives the figure of 1,450,000 Cubans, or 12.7 percent, as “Internet users” (ONE 2009)1 without specifying the precise uses this number includes. The figure certainly should not be mistaken for access to the World Wide Web, which remains severely restricted. Instead, the figure most probably includes all Cubans with some kind of (even if only sporadic) access to closed domestic networks or with access to e-mail services. At the same time accounts are shared and, as for other goods and services, also Internet access has a black market side that escapes official statistics. Moreover, Internet content “travels” by USB stick also to many who do not have access themselves. For both these periods, the study relies on the analysis of numerous primary documents, as well as newspapers and secondary literature. In the case of the post-Internet phase, in addition to the above, documents published on the web have been a primary source of analysis. While some authors link issues of civil society and Internet voice merely to the political opposition, this chapter does not limit its focus to this divide but analyzes as much societal actors working within the established institutions of the socialist state as well as those outside of it. In both periods under scrutiny field trips to the island were undertaken in which actors from a broad range of positions were interviewed. While these interviews are not cited directly due to political sensitivities, they provide an invaluable background for the trends described.

La Realtà Aumentata è una nuova forma di comunicazione sempre più diffusa che permette di sovrapporre contenuti digitali, resi visibili attraverso la videocamera di dispositivi mobile come smartphone o tablet, al mondo reale. Il volume vuole essere uno strumento d'informazione per conoscere la nuova frontiera della comunicazione digitale basata sulla georeferenziazione e sui contenuti aumentati. Fino ad oggi, infatti, l'informazione stava altrove rispetto ai luoghi e ai tempi in cui effettivamente era necessaria. Con la nuova tecnologia dell'Augmented Reality, al contrario, è possibile mettere in atto strategie di comunicazione in grado di portare i contenuti giusti al momento e nel luogo opportuno. Nelle aree ormai più varie, dalla formazione alla sanità, dagli spazi commerciali ai beni culturali, si racconta attraverso le esperienze internazionali più significative come le nuove Realtà Aumentate stanno riscrivendo le modalità di ibridazione fra reale e virtuale.

A medio camino entre el centro barroco de La Habana y las playas situadas al este de la ciudad que anteceden al esplendor de Varadero, la barriada de Alamar forma parte del municipio de La Habana del Este: una ciudad dentro de la ciudad, separada de La Habana Vieja por un túnel tras el cual empieza un mundo que el yuma (término despectivo del argot callejero que designa al turista o al extranjero) tiene pocas posibilidades de contemplar como no sea por la ventanilla de uno de esos taxis que recorren sin paradas el espacio comprendido entre el centro y la costa. Cien mil habitantes divididos en veinticinco barrios construidos entre los años setenta y la mitad de la década de los ochenta. Alamar es la antítesis de esa Habana Vieja disneyficada, con sus calles coloniales y su flujo ininterrumpido de turistas: un tiempo y un espacio dilata-dos, edificios racionalistas separados por unas fluidas arterias que conectan los diferentes barrios, espacios agrícolas, un río, vastas áreas militares en desuso, una decrépita y decadente fachada litoral cubierta de hormigón desde la que se vislum-bran las diferentes áreas y etapas de la zona. Una zona que es la plasmación física del diseño y del fracaso de la Utopía, una vasta Unité d'habitation reproducida a gran escala y en la actualidad deshaciéndose poco a poco por la falta de mantenimiento, infraestructuras, servicios comunitarios, comunicaciones y transporte. Una metáfora perfecta de las paradojas y singularidades de Cuba: la instalación abstracta del modelo socialista (y de su fracaso) en una realidad caribeña hecha de lentitud, relaciones y mestizaje. La expansión urbana de la capital cubana llegó a su culmen y al máximo de su decadencia en esta zona, construida por las Microbrigadas, unos grupos de hombres traídos por el gobierno para edificar uno de los proyectos de urbanización de viviendas sociales más imponentes del país. Un periodo constructivo que quedó interrumpido por la crisis econó-mica que siguió a la caída del Muro de Berlín y a la disolución de la URSS (Periodo especial').

First of all, PICHACAO; is not graffiti. It is something distinct that only happens in Brazil. What a subversion is to sign the city with your own made-up name, especially a city that seems not to be projected for you? Lights, Ca...